WORLD'S FIRST COMPUTER VIRUS, BATTERY AND THEIR INVENTORS

World's first Virus:

The first truly viral computer viruses were spread through floppy disks

The earliest computer viruses were pretty tame. In fact, the very earliest viruses -- like “Creeper” which just displayed the message “I’M A CREEPER : CATCH ME IF YOU CAN” -- were not only innocuous experiments in computing, but completely quarantined to their home networks, (Creeper was stuck on the TENEX operating system). This was in 1971, when there was no unified Internet.

Nowadays we’re used to fearing millions of viruses, all the time, and we’re used to them spreading through the Internet -- either you download and run something sketchy from a P2P network, or you click a weird link in an email, and the next thing you know your system is completely compromised. When everything is connected to everything, contagions can spread easily. Virus protection is big business, too -- consumers spend billions of dollars a year on it.

It turns out that this nightmare had a very slow start, and an earlier one than you might expect. The first viruses to spread outside of private networks did so entirely offline, back when the Internet was still young and tiny. These first, really “viral” viruses were floppy disk based, and carried from computer to computer by human hands.

How exactly did the first viruses to spread in the “wild” work? And who invented them? Well, it depends on who you ask, and whether they’re a Mac or a PC. The first Apple virus was a teenager’s prank; the first PC virus was a corporate anti-piracy measure.

Elk Cloner

Elk Cloner: The program with a personality (not an actual screen shot)

In 1981, Richard Skrenta was in 9th grade and a force to be reckoned with. He was mischievous, very, very clever, and armed with an Apple II. One of his favorite things to do with it was write code to prank his friends’ pirated computer games. From an interview with Skrenta in 2000:

"I had been playing jokes on schoolmates by altering copies of pirated games to self-destruct after a number of plays. I'd give out a new game, they'd get hooked, but then the game would stop working with a snickering comment from me on the screen (9th grade humor at work here)."

Battery :

A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device that produces electricityfrom a chemical reaction. In a one cell battery, you would find a negative electrode; an electrolyte, which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion conductor; and a positive electrode.

Timeline of Battery History

• 1748—Benjamin Franklin first coined the term "battery" to describe an array of charged glass plates.
• 1780 to 1786—Luigi Galvanidemonstrated what we now understand to be the electrical basis of nerve impulses and provided the cornerstone of research for later inventors like Volta to create batteries.
• 1800 Voltaic Pile—Alessandro Voltainvented the Voltaic Pile and discovered the first practical method of generating electricity. Constructed of alternating discs of zinc and copper with pieces of cardboard soaked in brine between the metals, the Voltaic Pile produced electrical current. The metallic conducting arc was used to carry the electricity over a greater distance. Alessandro Volta's voltaic pile was the first "wet cell battery" that produced a reliable, steady current of electricity.

• 1836 Daniell Cell—The Voltaic Pile could not deliver an electrical current for a long period of time. Englishman, John F. Daniell invented the Daniell Cell that used two electrolytes: copper sulfate and zinc sulfate. The Daniel Cell lasted longer than the Volta cell or pile. This battery, which produced about 1.1 volts, was used to power objects such as telegraphs, telephones, and doorbells, remained popular in homes for over 100 years.
• 1839 Fuel Cell—William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell, which produced electrical by combining hydrogen and oxygen.
• 1839 to 1842—Inventors created improvements to batteries that used liquid electrodes to produce electricity. Bunsen (1842) and Grove (1839) invented the most successful.
• 1859 Rechargeable—French inventor, Gaston Plante developed the first practical storage lead-acid battery that could be recharged (secondary battery). This type of battery is primarily used in cars today.
• 1866 Leclanche Carbon-Zinc Cell—French engineer, Georges Leclanche patented the carbon-zinc wet cell battery called the Leclanche cell. According to The History of Batteries: "George Leclanche's original cell was assembled in a porous pot. The positive electrode consisted of crushed manganese dioxide with a little carbon mixed in. The negative pole was a zinc rod. The cathode was packed into the pot, and a carbon rod was inserted to act as a current collector. The anode or zinc rod and the pot were then immersed in an ammonium chloride solution. The liquid acted as the electrolyte, readily seeping through the porous cup and making contact with the cathode material. The liquid acted as the electrolyte, readily seeping through the porous cup and making contact with the cathode material." Georges Leclanche then further improved his design by substituting the ammonium chloride paste for liquid electrolyte and invented a method of sealing the battery, inventing the first dry cell, an improved design that was now transportable.
• 881—J.A. Thiebaut patented the first battery with both the negative electrode and porous pot placed in a zinc cup.
• 1881—Carl Gassner invented the first commercially successful dry cell battery (zinc-carbon cell).
• 1899—Waldmar Jungner invented the first nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery.
• 1901 Alkaline Storage—Thomas Alva Edison invented the alkaline storage battery. Thomas Edison's alkaline cell had iron as the anode material (-) and nickelic oxide as the cathode material (+).
• 1949 Alkaline-Manganese Battery—Lew Urry developed the small alkaline battery in 1949. The inventor was working for the Eveready Battery Co. at their research laboratory in Parma, Ohio. Alkaline batteries last five to eight times as long as zinc-carbon cells, their predecessors.
• 1954 Solar Cells—Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl Chapin invented the first solar battery. A solar battery converts the sun's energy into electricity. In 1954, Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller, and Daryl Chapin invented the first solar battery. The inventors created an array of several strips of silicon (each about the size of a razor blade), placed them in sunlight, captured the free electrons and turned them into ​​electrical current. Bell Laboratories in New York announced the prototype manufacture of a new solar battery. Bell had funded the research. The first public service trial of the Bell Solar Battery began with a telephone carrier system (Americus, Georgia) on October 4, 1955.
• 1964—Duracell was incorporated.
  
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